Python实现RSA加密解密
本文详细介绍在Python中使用pycryptodome库实现RSA非对称加密解密的方法。内容涵盖密钥对的生成与文件读写、基于PKCS1_v1_5标准的加密解密流程,以及完整的可运行代码示例,帮助开发者快速掌握RSA在Python中的实际应用。
前言
- 加密技术在数据的安全存储与传输环节中扮演着关键角色,有效保护用户隐私并防止信息被非法窃取。RSA作为广泛应用的非对称加密算法,在各类软件及网页系统中已得到普及。本文将详细讲解如何在Python环境中实现RSA的加密与解密功能。
- 核心原则:公钥用于加密,私钥用于解密
- 具体实现逻辑与细节请参考代码部分的前置注释说明
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一、安装模块
pip install pycryptodome
二、生成密钥对
- 密钥对文件的生成与读取方法
- 代码:
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
def create_rsa_pair(is_save=False):
'''
创建rsa公钥私钥对
:param is_save: default:False
:return: public_key, private_key
'''
f = RSA.generate(2048)
private_key = f.exportKey("PEM") # 生成私钥
public_key = f.publickey().exportKey() # 生成公钥
if is_save:
with open("crypto_private_key.pem", "wb") as f:
f.write(private_key)
with open("crypto_public_key.pem", "wb") as f:
f.write(public_key)
return public_key, private_key
def read_public_key(file_path="crypto_public_key.pem") -> bytes:
with open(file_path, "rb") as x:
b = x.read()
return b
def read_private_key(file_path="crypto_private_key.pem") -> bytes:
with open(file_path, "rb") as x:
b = x.read()
return b
三、加密
- 流程:输入文本(str)→字符串编码(默认utf-8)(bytes)→rsa加密(bytes)→base64编码(bytes)→解码为字符串(str)
代码:
import base64
from Crypto.Cipher import PKCS1_v1_5
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
def encryption(text: str, public_key: bytes):
# 字符串指定编码(转为bytes)
text = text.encode('utf-8')
# 构建公钥对象
cipher_public = PKCS1_v1_5.new(RSA.importKey(public_key))
# 加密(bytes)
text_encrypted = cipher_public.encrypt(text)
# base64编码,并转为字符串
text_encrypted_base64 = base64.b64encode(text_encrypted ).decode()
return text_encrypted_base64
if __name__ == '__main__':
public_key = read_public_key()
text = '123456'
text_encrypted_base64 = encryption(text, public_key)
print('密文:',text_encrypted_base64)
四、解密
- 说明:解密流程与加密流程相反(按照加密流程逆序解密)
- 流程:输入文本(str)→字符串编码(默认utf-8)(bytes)→base64解码(bytes)→rsa解密(bytes)→解码为字符串(str)
- 代码:
import base64
from Crypto.Cipher import PKCS1_v1_5
from Crypto import Random
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
def decryption(text_encrypted_base64: str, private_key: bytes):
# 字符串指定编码(转为bytes)
text_encrypted_base64 = text_encrypted_base64.encode('utf-8')
# base64解码
text_encrypted = base64.b64decode(text_encrypted_base64 )
# 构建私钥对象
cipher_private = PKCS1_v1_5.new(RSA.importKey(private_key))
# 解密(bytes)
text_decrypted = cipher_private.decrypt(text_encrypted , Random.new().read)
# 解码为字符串
text_decrypted = text_decrypted.decode()
return text_decrypted
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 生成密文
public_key = read_public_key()
text = '123456'
text_encrypted_base64 = encryption(text, public_key)
print('密文:',text_encrypted_base64)
# 解密
private_key = read_private_key()
text_decrypted = decryption(text_encrypted_base64, private_key)
print('明文:',text_decrypted)
五、完整代码
import base64
from Crypto.Cipher import PKCS1_v1_5
from Crypto import Random
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
# ------------------------生成密钥对------------------------
def create_rsa_pair(is_save=False):
'''
创建rsa公钥私钥对
:param is_save: default:False
:return: public_key, private_key
'''
f = RSA.generate(2048)
private_key = f.exportKey("PEM") # 生成私钥
public_key = f.publickey().exportKey() # 生成公钥
if is_save:
with open("crypto_private_key.pem", "wb") as f:
f.write(private_key)
with open("crypto_public_key.pem", "wb") as f:
f.write(public_key)
return public_key, private_key
def read_public_key(file_path="crypto_public_key.pem") -> bytes:
with open(file_path, "rb") as x:
b = x.read()
return b
def read_private_key(file_path="crypto_private_key.pem") -> bytes:
with open(file_path, "rb") as x:
b = x.read()
return b
# ------------------------加密------------------------
def encryption(text: str, public_key: bytes):
# 字符串指定编码(转为bytes)
text = text.encode('utf-8')
# 构建公钥对象
cipher_public = PKCS1_v1_5.new(RSA.importKey(public_key))
# 加密(bytes)
text_encrypted = cipher_public.encrypt(text)
# base64编码,并转为字符串
text_encrypted_base64 = base64.b64encode(text_encrypted).decode()
return text_encrypted_base64
# ------------------------解密------------------------
def decryption(text_encrypted_base64: str, private_key: bytes):
# 字符串指定编码(转为bytes)
text_encrypted_base64 = text_encrypted_base64.encode('utf-8')
# base64解码
text_encrypted = base64.b64decode(text_encrypted_base64)
# 构建私钥对象
cipher_private = PKCS1_v1_5.new(RSA.importKey(private_key))
# 解密(bytes)
text_decrypted = cipher_private.decrypt(text_encrypted, Random.new().read)
# 解码为字符串
text_decrypted = text_decrypted.decode()
return text_decrypted
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 生成密钥对
# create_rsa_pair(is_save=True)
# public_key = read_public_key()
# private_key = read_private_key()
public_key, private_key = create_rsa_pair(is_save=False)
# 加密
text = '123456'
text_encrypted_base64 = encryption(text, public_key)
print('密文:', text_encrypted_base64)
# 解密
text_decrypted = decryption(text_encrypted_base64, private_key)
print('明文:', text_decrypted)
运行:

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